木本植物逆境胁迫研究进展

木本植物(Woody plant)具有多年生、木质部发达和茎坚硬等特点,能抵御复杂多变的外界环境。本综述归纳了木本植物逆境胁迫的几个重要方面,例如盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和低温胁迫。归纳并总结了与应激有关的基因、蛋白质、转录因子和应激反应机制,并简要概述了木本植物在植被保护、园林绿化和土壤改良等方面的应用价值,最后对木本植物研究的局限性和存在的不足进行了讨论。蒙古柳(Salix linearistipularis)作为松嫩平原盐碱地区唯一具有群落分布的木本植物,是研究逆境胁迫的重要树种材料。因此,本综述着重介绍了耐盐碱木本植物蒙古柳对盐等逆境胁迫的研究进展,以期为木本植物逆境胁迫研究提供一定的理论基础;并针对目前研究存在的不足,为进一步研究提供了参考方向。     

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

Impact of soil water content on maize responses to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host–bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.     

一氧化碳(CO)在植物体内的生理生化作用研究进展

为了促进一氧化碳(CO)在植物生理生化方面的研究,本文归纳了CO在植物体中的生物合成途径,CO作为信号分子对植物各种生理功能的调控,以及CO与其他信号分子之间的相互作用。经过分析得出,CO在植物生物胁迫过程中的作用及其作用机制方面的研究还很少,因此,CO在这方面的研究将会成为今后的研究重点。     

海口市林分碳密度与景观格局指数耦合研究

为了解森林景观的空间组成、分布等特征对林分碳密度的影响，并以此为海口市优化林分结构，保护林地资源等方面提供参考。以海口市2015年森林资源二类调查数据为基础，运用arcgis、fragstats、spss等软件量化林分碳密度与景观格局指数并以此构建耦合协调度模型，来反映林分碳密度与森林景观格局的关系。研究发现，海口市热带林面积比重较大，且人为经营活动较强，导致其景观破碎化程度较高；林分碳密度与森林景观格局指数之间具有一定的相关性，且是相互促进的关系，当某一林分类型的空间配置较好，分布较聚集，不被其他地类分割时，其碳密度往往也较高。通过对海口市林分碳密度和森林景观格局指数的耦合研究，发现其林分碳密度与森林景观格局指数耦合协调度状况总体上并不良好，需要进行调整和改善。     

The effects of various plant protection methods on the development of Zymoseptoria tritici and Cephalosporium gramineum,grain yield and protein profile

Septoria leaf blotch progresses rapidly, leading to the development of Zymoseptoria titici forms resistant to fungicides. Cephalosporium stripe is caused by Cephalosporium gramineum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected pesticides in limiting the symptoms of both diseases on winter wheat leaves, and to determine their influence on grain yield and the content and composition of protein fractions in wheat kernels. Propiconazoles were most effective in inhibiting the development of Septoria leaf blotch (symptoms were reduced from 54.7% to 78.6%). Strobilurins were less effective due to the presence of isolates with the G143A mutation. Symptoms of Cephalosporium stripe were rarely observed, and protective treatments did not reduce their severity. The highest content of grain protein (14.81%) was found in plants most intensely protected with the fungicides containing fenpropimorph, pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole. The principal component analysis revealed that the plant protection method influenced the grain protein profile. The accumulation of HMW glutenins and α/β gliadins was mutually interrelated and higher in high-input treatments; control grain was characterized by close relationships between ω-gliadins, LMW glutenins, albumins and globulins, whereas low-input treatments influenced mostly γ-gliadins.     

历史街区街道界面景观要素及保护策略研究——以青岛鱼山历史文化街区为例

指出了历史文化街区是人类文明的“活化石”,是人类历史文化遗迹和日常生活的重要空间载体。历史文化街区的街道景观是街道展示景观的主要载体,通过对街道界面景观要素的提取、归纳与总结,得出街道界面景观要素由底界面、侧界面以及顶界面三大核心要素组成,并将其应用到鱼山历史文化街区街道景观内进行了分析研究,提出了一些保护策略。旨在进一步了解历史文化街区街道界面景观要素构成,为历史文化街区景观的保护提供更加清晰的思路。     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

不同氮素水平下双季稻株型与冠层内光截获特征研究

本文旨在阐明双季稻株型与冠层内光合有效辐射截获的时空分布特征。选用4个不同株型早、晚稻品种,设置4个不同施氮水平,系统观测其植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射截获率(IPAR)的时空分布状况。结果表明,施氮水平对早、晚稻株高、穗长、叶长和叶基角均有显著影响,均表现为随施氮水平的增加而增大;早、晚稻孕穗期的分层叶面积指数(LAI)和向上累积LAI大于抽穗后12 d,分层LAI呈冠层中部大于上部和下部的分布特征,最大分层LAI出现在0.58相对高度处;冠层上中部分层LAI和向上累积LAI随施氮水平的增加而增大;向上累积LAI随相对高度呈S型曲线分布,可用Logistic方程定量描述(R~2 0.99);早、晚稻孕穗期的冠层IPAR大于抽穗后12 d,且随施氮水平的增加而增大,其日变化表现为正午较小,早晚较大;株型紧凑的早、晚稻品种,冠层IPAR低;冠层IPAR与向下累积LAI之间的关系可用方程IPAR=a (1-e~(-b×LAI))定量描述(R~2 0.88);冠层内IPAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上IPAR较低,光斑变化大,冠层下部水平面上IPAR较高,光斑变化较平缓,同一冠层高度水平面上的IPAR呈不均匀分布。研究结果可为双季稻高产栽培及理想株型的优化设计提供支撑。